Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Mental States Of The Mind Body Problem - 1725 Words

Mental states of the Mind-body problem Abstract: The mind-body problem is a highly debated topic in philosophy, and has resulted in the creation of many theories attempting to answer it. Applying the mind-body problem to a situation where a patient lacks a normal brain but appears completely normal questions the mental states that the patient has. Looking at the views based on different theories that five doctors express, the things that stand out to me are multiple realizability, Token Identity theory and functionalism. Because of these, I argue that the patient possess the usual range of mental states. Body: The study of how the mind and body interact with each other has been a concern of many areas of study. This leads to the†¦show more content†¦I believe this as I feel that mental states can be multiple realizable. An instance of someone’s mental states are identical to instances of physical states, so some of these states may be realized through different connections in the brain oppose to the normal connections. Because of this, I conclude that Token Identity theory, physicalism, and multiple realizability are equivalent to a view of functionalism. And thus, I would tend to agree with the conclusions of Doctor 3 which appears to take a non-explicit view of functionalism. In this scenario, the doctors debate about the amount of mental states that the patient has. Since it is stated that the patient lacks a normal brain but appears completely normal, this leads me to believe that the patient possesses the usual range of mental states. If others were to observe the patient to determine if they possess all sensations and qualia that a normal brain could experience, then if the patient did, they would appear to be normal. This is the case in the given scenario, so the patient must have the usual range of mental states in order to realize all of sensations and qualia a normal brain would, which allows them to be classified as normal. Hence this is why I believe that the patient has the usual range of mental states. Further to argue for this, according to the theories, a functionalist view makes this possible which is why I

Monday, December 23, 2019

Oapa and Consent Essay - 1855 Words

Thirteen year-old Tom had recently been playing football and kicked his ball over a fence into his neighbour’s garden. Tom’s neighbour was a cantankerous 70 year-old called Stan who confiscated the ball when he saw it land on his pristine lawn. As a result of this incident Tom decided to play a practical joke on Stan by posting letters through Stan’s letterbox each day on his way to school. Inside the letters were the words: ‘You’ll pay for what you have done old man.’ As a result of receiving these letters every day for a month Stan became scared to leave his house and was diagnosed by his doctor as suffering from depression. To celebrate the success of his ‘joke’ on Stan, Tom decided to get a tattoo of the words ‘I’m the man’ on his†¦show more content†¦It has to be more than trifling. It was confirmed in Chan Fook [1994] that it includes psychological injury which amounts to a recognised clinical condition and there must be medical evidence to support it. Mere distress or emotion would not be sufficient. Stan was more than merely depressed. He was suffering from depression which is a recognised clinical condition and he would have medical evidence of this so ABH is satisfied. The word occasioning simply means caused – the case of Roberts (1971) denotes that the injury must be reasonably foreseeable on the facts. This is an objective test and is satisfied. It is reasonably foreseeable that someone would suffer ABH in the form of psychological injury if they were sent threatening letters over a period of time. The ABH must be caused by an assault. Here the assault would be a technical assault. A technical assault was defined in Fagan [1968] as an act by which the defendant intentionally or recklessly causes another person to apprehend the application to his body of immediate, unlawful force. The AR is to cause the victim to apprehend the immediate application of unlawful force. It is the apprehension that has to be immediate not the force. Fear of imminent force has been held to be sufficient i.e. fear of force in the near future as in Smith (1983), Ireland and Constanza and this can be satisfiedShow MoreRelatedThe Crimes Of The Person Act ( Oapa 1861 )1025 Words   |  5 Pages In 1861, the Offences Against the Person Act (OAPA 1861) was introduced to give distinction between various criminal acts towards other people. However, from its inception it has created the requirements for defences for the numerous offences. One of the most complex of these is the defence of consent, the one to be considered here. With regard to this problem, it is necessary to identify any crime that has been committed, examine how consent will apply and analyse how satisfactory the law is onRead MoreSpecific Elements Of Non Fatal Offences1396 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluating the law and sentencing for each section of non-fatal offences. Types of Non-Fatal Offences 1. Assault 2. Battery 3. Assault occasioning actual body harm (ABH) Section 47 OAPA 4. Inflicting grievous bodily harm or wounding Section 20 OAPA 5. Inflicting grievous bodily harm or wounding with intent Section 18 OAPA Assault An assault simply means intentionally or recklessly causing the victim to become frightened immediately, unlawful harm. An assault is conceded by a threat causing bodily harm

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Unexpected Benefits Free Essays

In the fourteenth century, the face of Europe was forever changed by a devastating event known as the Black Plague. This plague would rear its ugly head time and again throughout Europe in lesser outbreaks right up through the eighteenth century, when it finally disappeared from the continent for good. However, its initial appearance happened in the fourteenth century, and this debut performance was its most dramatic and destructive. We will write a custom essay sample on Unexpected Benefits or any similar topic only for you Order Now Called the â€Å"great mortality† by contemporary writers1, for the great number of people killed in the outbreak, the term â€Å"black plague† or â€Å"black death† became more commonly used later on as more outbreaks hit the European continent. Carried by fleas on rats, the Black Plague is now commonly thought to be bubonic plague, a disease characterized by sub-dermal hemorrhages that blacken the skin; it is highly contagious and has a high mortality rate. It is thought that Black Plague first entered Europe from Asia, along the silk roads that merchants used to travel between the continents for the purposes of trade. 4 1Boccaccio, Giovani. The Decameron. Signet Classics: New York. 2002 (reissue). 4Kelly, John. The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. Harper Collins: New York. 2005. When the Black Plague first hit Europe, the conditions in Europe were ripe for a devastating outbreak. Warfare and a widespread famine that lasted nearly a century had weakened the population of Europe to the point that the people were extremely vulnerable to disease. Famine also hurt productivity by weakening workers, thus further reducing the output of food and other necessary goods; it was an ugly, self-perpetuating cycle. In a population already suffering and on the brink of disaster, the Black Plague, which first made its European appearance in 1347, was a final push toward a dramatic re-alignment of society. Over one-third of the population of Europe was killed by the Black Plague (and over half the population in Britain). It wiped out entire families, and even entire communities. When it was over, the stunned and decimated population had to face a virtual rebuilding of their entire society from scratch. However, as devastating as the Black Plague was on the inhabitants of Europe, and as hard as things were on the survivors, the Black Plague did have some unexpected benefits for the survivors and their descendants, benefits that would improve the overall quality of life for everyone in Europe, peasants included, for generations to come. One of the most immediate benefits to survivors of the Black Plague was an increase in wages. Before the population was decimated by the Black Plague, Europe had been drastically overpopulated for its resources, resulting in widespread poverty, especially among the peasants. After the Black Plague, however, labor came at a premium, due to the reduction in the population. There were not nearly as many people available to do much-needed work, and therefore those who were available to do it were more sought-after. As a result, wages increased, because employers were now competing for the smaller pool of workers, rather than workers competing for a smaller pool of jobs, as had been the case before. With higher wages, survivors were better able to provide for their families, and the standard of living for many families dramatically increased. In fact, some families fortunes increased so dramatically that they began to live as the nobility did, dressing in fine clothes, living in fine houses, and even employing servants of their own. In some European countries, the nobility were so threatened by the new upward mobility of the peasants that laws were enacted that regulated just what the peasant class could wear and where they could live, so as to prevent the peasant class from mingling with the nobility or trying to become part of the nobility2. In fact, increased opportunities for social advancement were another unexpected benefit of the Black Plague for survivors. Before the Black Plague, Europe was fairly 2Cantor, Norman. In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World it Made. Harper Perennial: New York. 2002. entrenched in the feudal system, whereby peasants worked the land for wealthy nobles, being allowed to take only a small portion of the harvest they worked to bring in for their own use, and being pretty much tied to the land of their patron for life. After the Black Plague, the surviving population realized it now had options. With so few peasants available to work the land, landlords began competing to attract tenants to their estates, a phenomenon that was new in Europe. Previous to the Black Plague, landlords had a self-propagating population of peasants on their land, generation upon generation of families that stayed on the same land, on the same estate, and worked under whatever conditions the landlord set, as there was nowhere else for them to go. However, after the Black Plague, landlords offered incentives for peasants to come work their land, incentives ranging from actual wages to improved living conditions to increased freedoms. In fact, some historians believe that the conditions in Europe just after the end of the initial Black Plague laid the roots of what was to become capitalism centuries later. A reduction in the population also meant that there was an increase in the amount of fertile land available to the population. With entire families wiped out, sometimes noble or land-owning families, their land became available, land that had often been in the same family for centuries. This opening up of new land created opportunities not only for landlords to increase their holdings and attract new peasants to work for them, but also created opportunities for upwardly mobile peasants to become landowners in their own right. With land available for those who could afford to purchase it, many peasants found that their newfound increase in wages also bought them the opportunity to become settled on their own land, and, in effect, their own masters. The Black Plague also, in effect, put an end to the century-long famine in Europe. With fewer people to feed, there was more food available for those who were left. The opening up of new, tillable land on which to grow food, the demand for labor that produced more food, and the increase in wages that allowed a family to buy more food, all led to an increase in consumable food available for everyone. As a result of the Black Plague, the survivors became better nourished and healthier, and thus better able to work to produce more food, as well as better able to fight off new outbreaks of disease as they came. Even with an increase in wages and other benefits attracting most of the available workers after the Black Plague, there were still too few people around to work to do everything that needed to be done in the time in which it needed to be done. Therefore, out of need, a plethora of labor-saving devices began to be invented following the Black Plague. These devices helped to speed along necessary work, and reduced the number of people necessary to complete certain jobs. The spinning wheel is an excellent example of this. The spinning wheel was a post-Black Plague invention that dramatically reduced the time and effort involved in turning wool into thread. 3 With more thread able to be produced more quickly than by traditional methods, cloth was able to be weaved quicker and in greater quantities, thus creating an abundance of fabric available for sale and for personal use. Springs and gears were invented to control the hands of clocks. Horseshoes and spring carriages were invented that eased the burden of travel and increased its efficiency. Three-crop field rotation was invented, which increased farming efficiency by dropping the old idea of individual farming plots and introducing the idea of open-field communal farming. In addition, heavier plows with wheels and horizontal plowshares were invented, which saved much time and labor in the process of farming. Finally, the ultimate of all medieval inventions, the printing press, was invented post-Black Plague, an invention that saved an enormous amount of time and energy by ending the need of copying books by hand, thus making the written word more widely available to the general public. 3 3Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Harvard University Press: Cambridge. 1997. The effects of the Black Plague were felt in every facet of life, not just social and economic. The Black Plague utterly changed the face of life in Europe forever. The plague even affected the art of the times. Whereas before the Black Plague, religious themes were the most common topic of art, after the Black Plague, a more pessimistic feeling pervaded a society that was terrified of the plague returning. As a result, themes of death became dominant in the artwork for more than a century after the plague. The prestige and authority of the Church were also negatively affected by the Black Plague. Because the church was not able to cure victims of the plague, or even explain what was causing the plague, cynicism of the church grew among the populace. As a result, many sought out alternatives to the traditional church, particularly through smaller religious cults such as self-flagellants (who flogged themselves in atonement for the sins that supposedly brought on the plague). Others sought out secular solutions to ending the plague. Further, because so many monks died in the plague (from living in close quarters and from generously tending the sick), the church experienced an influx of new, less dedicated clergy, who were more opportunistic than the old guard, and contributed to an upcoming period of severe corruption within the Catholic church that eventually led to the Protestant Reformation. 2 While the Black Plague was a devastating event for all of Europe, killing millions, it left behind conditions that lead to some positive changes in European society. While wiping out entire families and towns, the Black Plague nonetheless created a fertile ground for economic improvement and upward social mobility for the underclass in its wake. The Black Plague led to the downfall of the feudal system and created the conditions that later ushered in the Age of Enlightenment. It ushered in a new age of labor-saving inventions that changed the face of production in the world. Because it was such a powerful force on both society and the psyche, the Black Plague also ushered in an era of change in both art and religion, changes that eventually led to the Protestant Reformation, which in turn led to the founding of America by the Puritans. The Black Plague, though it destroyed, also provided the seeds of sowing something new and good. 2Cantor, Norman. In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World it Made. Harper Perennial: New York. 2002. Bibliography Boccaccio, Giovani. The Decameron. Signet Classics: New York. 2002 (reissue). Cantor, Norman. In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World it Made. Harper Perennial: New York. 2002. Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Harvard University Press: Cambridge. 1997. Kelly, John. The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. Harper Collins: New York. 2005. How to cite Unexpected Benefits, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

IASB and FASB Conceptual Framework †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the IASB and FASB Conceptual Framework. Answer: Introduction The conceptual framework in accounting is developed by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) for providing standard rules and principles that should be adopted by businesses around the world for preparing their financial statements. The business organizations develop and published general purpose financial reports that include balance sheet, income stamen, statement of changes in equity and cash-flows. These general purpose financial statements are meant to provide all the necessary financial information to the end-users such as investors and creditors for supporting their decision-making processes (Hoffman, 2016). In this context, this report has been undertaken for analyzing and examining the general purpose financial reports of Westpac Banking Corporation. The analysis is done for evaluating the compliance of annual report of the banking corporation with the standards principles and guidelines of conceptual framework and AASB. AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) is recognized as regulatory authority that holds the responsibility of developing and maintaining the compliance of businesses within Australia as per the IASB standard conventions (Mazhambe, 2014). Westpac Banking Corporation is a renowned Australian bank involved in providing a range of financial services for personal or business use (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). The evaluation of compliance of bank with the AASB standards is undertaken in the report through examining its balance sheet, income statement, auditors, directors and remuneration report. Remuneration Report The Westpac Banking Corporation has published and disclosed all its necessary information relating to the remuneration of its key management personnel in the remuneration report. The banking corporation has developed a sound remuneration framework in order to ensure that remuneration offered is aligned with the shareholders value maximization. The remuneration policies and practices are directly linked with providing superior long-term results for creating value for shareholders. The board in support of the remuneration committee holds the responsibility that the interest of shareholders is not impacted in any way with the remuneration policies of the banking corporation. The banking corporation has also effectively disclosed its remuneration strategy though disclosing information relating to the fixed remuneration, long-term and short-term incentives of the key management personnel. The reward policy of the banking corporation is strictly linked with the key performance disciplines that key executives and directors should achieve for gaining high reward and bonus payments. The performance disciplines include promoting the sustainable development of the bank, effective capital management, maximizing economic profit and improving its digital capabilities. Thus, the reward policy implemented by the Westpac is directly linked with promoting the long-term creation of value for shareholders (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). However, the banking corporation is recently facing problems in regard of remuneration offered to its key executives and directors. The banking corporation has recently announced that the short-term incentive payments of the directors and executives will be reduced on an average below 11% as compared to that of previous year. This is because on realizing lower earnings per share, economic profit and return on equity by the banking corporation as compared to that of previous year. Also, the company has not paid any long-term incentives for the financial year 2016. This is causing issues related to the remuneration emerging in the banking corporation as about 16% per cent of investors have turned in giants of this decision. This is due to providing lower dividend to shareholders as compared to the previous year. The reduction on return to equity has mounted pressure on the Westpac banking corporation to continue providing increasing dividends to shareholders (Pash, 2016). These are som e the issues that are observed in the remuneration report of Westpac banking corporation. Thus, Westpac though abide by all the principle of conceptual framework of relevance, reliability, comparability and consistency by disclosing complete, error-free and materialistic information about the remuneration of key management personnel is facing some challenges in its remuneration policy. The remuneration report is also in accordance with the section 300A of the AASB standards that requires that a business entity is required to disclose all the important facts and figures related to the remuneration of directors and executives. The challenges existed in the remuneration policy such as investors protest should be addressed adequately by the banking corporation for maximizing shareholders value (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). The inventories are valued as per the AASB standard at their net realizable value (Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108, 2014). However, Westpac being a banking corporation does not disclose information relating to its inventory valuation (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). Accounts Receivables The Westpac banking corporation has disclosed all the relevant information relating to the accounts receivables from other financial institutions. The receivables are recognized at their fair value and at amortized cost as per the effective interest rate method (Whittington, 2008). The receivables are recognized on the date of their settlement after cash is advanced to the borrowers (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). The financial assets and liabilities are recognized at their fair value in the income statement of the banking corporation. The baking corporation has also disclosed the accounting policy adopted for the valuation of each category of financial asset and liability adequately. The intangible assets of the banking corporation consists of core deposits, customer relationships, management contracts and distribution relationships that are recognized after the emergence of Westpac with the J O Hambro Capital Management and Lloyds Banking Group. The intangible assets are valued at their useful life and their amortized value is reflected as a cash earning adjustment as intangible assets are non-cash flow items. The contingent liabilities of the banking corporation include contingent tax risk and settlement risk. The banking corporation has also disclosed information relating to its operating leases that are presented in gross of the depreciation of the assets that are subjected to leases. As analyzed from the annual report, the Westpac banking corporation, there is no overstated revenues or understated expenses in the financial statements of the banking corporation. The bank effectively complies with all the principles of conceptual framework and AASB standards. The banking corporation has developed its Code of Conduct that is effectively followed by al the directors, executives, management and employees. Thus, the development of a strong corporate culture is responsible for the effective compliance of the bank with all the AASN accounting conventions (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). Inclusion of Prudence in the Conceptual Framework The concept of prudence in accounting refers to recording the income realized when it has actually occurred and only reporting an expense transaction when it is probable. Thus, as per the prudence concept a business entity should no overestimate its revenues or underestimate the exposes at the time of financial reporting. Thus, a business entity is required to prepare and disclose conservatively-stated financial statements. The principle of prudence was removed from the conceptual framework as it was found to be against the accrual basis of accounting. The principle of accrual in accounting refers that revenues and expenses should be reported as soon as they are incurred regardless of the actual cash transaction. Also, financial experts believe that the concept of prudence in accounting restricts business entities to create hidden reserves. This was the basis for removal of prudence concept from the conceptual framework (Whittington, 2008). However, the increasing incidents related to the occurrence of accounting scandals due to manipulation of accounts has caused the necessity of including prudence in the conceptual framework. The main benefit of including the concept of prudence again in the conceptual framework is restricts businesses to create hidden reserves and thus misrepresenting the financial statements for personal benefits. This will also help in overcoming the increasing cases of business scandal due to manipulation of accounts. However, the major criticisms as stated by financial experts through including the principle of prudence in the conceptual framework is that business entities are not able to develop hidden reserves that can be used at the time of any emergency situation (Malley, 2014). Conclusion The overall discussion in the report has inferred that business entities worldwide need to comply with the AASB standards and conceptual framework principles for ensuring their long-term growth and profitability. The Westpac banking corporation annual report analysis has stated that the reason for its sustainable growth and development is due to its adequate abiding by all the AASB standards and rules. The notes to the financial statements in the annual report of Westpac banking corporation has provided all the necessary information relating to the accounting policies adopted for developing its general purpose financial reports. The remuneration report of the banking corporation has, however, mentioned some challenges that need to be overcome by Westpac in order to promote stakeholder welfare and interests. The report has also inferred that the implementation of prudence principle is required in the conceptual framework for ensuring that businesses provide real and trustworthy inform ation to the end-users. This will ensure promotion of welfare of stakeholders and thus protecting them from any type of fraudulent activities. Recommendations On the basis of analysis of annual report of Westpac, it is recommended to the banking corporation that it should resolve the issues related to its remuneration policy. The lower dividend offered to the shareholders is causing the investors to lose their confidence to investors in the bank. The banking corporation has reduced the incentives and rewards offered to the executives and directors that are also negatively impacting their performance in promoting the sustainable development of the bank (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). Therefore, it s recommended to the banking corporation to adopt a sound remuneration policy that is linked with the share prices and not with the profitability of the bank thus maximizing shareholder returns. The incentives and base salary of the executive and directors should be in accordance with the share prices that will resolve the issues relating to investor protest on lowering the remuneration of executives and directors (CCH Australia Limited, 2009 ). References CCH Australia Limited. 2009. Australian Master Accountants Guide. CCH Australia Limited. Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108. 2014. [Online]. Available at:https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB108_07-04_COMPdec09_01-11.pdf[Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Hoffman, C.W. 2016.Revising the Conceptual Framework of the International Standards: IASB Proposals Met with Support and Skepticism.World Journal of Business and Management 2 (1), pp. 1-32. Malley, A. 2014.Opinion: Is prudence still a virtue?[Online]. Available at: https://www.theaccountant-online.com/news/is-prudence-still-a-virtue-4276220 [Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Mazhambe, Z. 2014. Review of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Proposed New Conceptual Framework. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing 10 (8), pp. 835-845. Pash, C. 2016. Here's how Westpac is saving on the salaries of its senior executives. [Online]. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/heres-how-westpac-is-saving-on-the-salaries-of-its-senior-executives-2016-12 [Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Prudence and IFRS. 2014. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-technical/financial-reporting/tech-tp-prudence.pdf [Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Westpac Group Annual Report. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/content/dam/public/wbc/documents/pdf/aw/ic/2016_Westpac_Annual_Report [Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Whittington, G. 2008. Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project:An Alternative View. ABACUS 44 (2), pp. 139-168.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Ernest Hemingway - The Man And His Work Essays -

Ernest Hemingway - The Man And His Work Ernest Hemingway The Man and His Work On July 2, 1961, a writer whom many critics call the greatest writer of this century, a man who had a zest for adventure, a winner of the Nobel Prize and the Pulitzer Prize, a man who held esteem everywhere on that July day, that man put a shotgun to his head and killed himself. That man was Ernest Hemingway. Though he chose to end his life, his heart and soul lives on through his many books and short stories. Hemingways work is his voice on how he viewed society, specifically American society and the values it held. No other author of this century has had such a general and lasting influence on the generation which grew up between the world wars as Ernest Hemingway (Lania 5). The youth that came of age during this time came to adopt the habits, way of life, and essentially the values of Hemingways characters. The author , however, was just depicting his characters as he saw the typical American in the 1920s. In his mind this meant a people filled with melancholy denial. Hemingway became the chief reporter of what became known as the Lost Generation. This phrase is attributed to Gertrude Stein, a friend of Hemingways, who meant youth, angry with life itself after the war; drowning themselves in alcohol; sleeping away the days and sharing their beds with a new partner each night. Thus, Hemingway depicts America as a society with a profuse amount of twisted values. A constant theme runs through all of Hemingways work. That man can be defeated but not destroyed. Once such novel that depicts this, as well as American values, is A Farewell to Arms. During the course of the story, the two main characters lieutenant Frederick Henry and nurse Catherine Barkley, become the victims of a cruel and hostile age. Their love story, which starts in a field hospital where the lieutenant is being treated for severe leg injuries, ends with Catherines death. She dies in childbirth but it is actually the war that condemns them both to destruction. After the Italian defeat at Caporetto, the lieutenant becomes a deserter. He flees with his now impregnated lover to Switzerland, but they cannot escape the despair and horror of the war. Their attempts to wipe it out by consuming bottle after bottle of alcohol has only ill effects. This novel is a drawn out definition of Steins generation. It is the story of a man torn apart by the reality of war and love. In the beginning of the war Frederick is disappointed at the lack of action. When his first test on the field of battle occurs, however, he sees the truth of war as a friend dies in his arms. At first the reader may think that the lieutenant was insensitive, but his true feelings show in these two lines: I wiped my hand on my shirt and another floating light came very slowly down and I looked at my leg and was very afraid. Oh, God, I said, get me out of here. (Hemingway 55) From this point on the war begins to break him down. The lieutenants increasing consumption of alcohol lets on that he is trying to avoid thinking about what has happened to him. The wine flows so freely that the porter at the hospital carries out the lieutenants trash by the sack load. The drinking causes him to have jaundice as well as happy thoughtsthe price he pays for the liquor. Hemingway shows American drinking habits in this book which coincide with Steins idea. Frederick, like many men and women in the 1920s, sought to avoid his problems by turning to alcohol to make him feel better about himself and his situation. Along with a drinking problem the bedridden man decides to take his nurse as his lover. Lieutenant Frederick convinces himself he is in love with her and thinks nothing of it when he finds the nurse is with child. To avert his attention from the war he takes responsibility for Catherine and in the end becomes a deserter only to have his lover die in the end. Sex

Monday, November 25, 2019

Case study on Safeway Essays

Case study on Safeway Essays Case study on Safeway Essay Case study on Safeway Essay The name of my business that I have chosen for my case study is called Safeway. Safeway is one of the leading grocery retailers in the UK, with annual sales of around i 9 billion, 90,000 employees and nearly 480 stores nationwide. Their stores attract around 8 million shoppers every week. The type of my business is a public limited company. Safeway is in the tertiary sector because it purchases wholesale goods and sells them as a retail store. Originally Safeway was a US owned company called Safeway Food Stores Ltd. The parent company was Safeway Inc of California. Their first UK store was opened in Bedford in 1962. Over the next two decades the companys portfolio of stores rose to 133, establishing it as a serious player in the booming UK food retailing market. The business achieved steady growth until 1986 when it ranked as the 6th largest UK food retailer. Today (7th of January) you can buy a share of Safeway for i 2. 08. According to the Times Top 200 Companies it is the 80th in the biggest company in the UK with a market capacity of 2,914 million pounds. I am going to produce a case study which looks at how this company works and I have accessed their website which is www. safeway. com, contacted safe way and looked at materials published by them and by the top 100 companies index. Section 1 Safeway buys in bulk stock from farmers and manufactures or processes it and then sell the goods to the public. Safeways stated aim is to be the best at fresh food offering outstanding fresh foods of consistently high quality, sold in a stimulating and different way. They also aim to be best at availability, so customers can always find the products they want on the shelves. Safeways objectives are stated as 1. Focus on product and price Safeway will be recognised for offering great value and above all, great offers. 2. Best at fresh Safeway offer outstanding fresh foods of consistently high quality, sold in a stimulating and different way. The stores will have better lighting, improved layouts, wider assortment, and a real sense of abundance in merchandising as well as more colours. 3. Best at availability Safeway will be first for availability at all times. Our goal is that our customers will always find the product they want to buy on our shelves whenever they want it. 4. Best at customer service Safeway will offer the best all-round customer care in the sector. They have invested in increased store staffing and better training. Safeways mission statement is to sell food product at low prices. I think that despite what Safeway says, its main aims are to make a profit, and get a bigger market share. I dont know if they have an environmental policy on foods, but they do not on packaging. The board of directors are in charge of writing the aims of the business. They can decide to change the aims at their meetings. They will change the aims if targets have not been met, the company has already met its aim and need new ones; competitors are affecting the business or the government is changing the law. One of the main reasons that they check the business so that it runs well. The objectives change according to the competition they have from other companies like Tesco and ASDA, for prices, number of goods side etc.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Improving Media Literacy in Lower Education Research Paper

Improving Media Literacy in Lower Education - Research Paper Example As the report declares media literacy is especially important among children and youths upon whom the future of America and the world depends. This is because; by being media literate these individuals are better equipped to interpret complex messages from all forms of media including the internet, newspapers, television, magazines, radio, music, and marketing materials, among others. Another important aspect of media literacy is the fact that it equips people with the skills to create innovative media forms and become active partisans in the prevailing media culture. According to the research findings there are numerous media literacy tools presently in use in America, there is need to conduct extensive assessment research to establish the most effective ones. This process is made difficult by the fact that there are varying theoretical and educational foundations upon which the media literacy programs are established. With the extant literature on media literacy it is evident that many researchers concede that it is preferable to integrate emerging concepts of media literacy into existing education curricula, instead of teaching the concepts within a detached context. Many scholars appear to support the notion that these emergent media tools must gradually replace the traditional ones. For instance, many researchers consider traditional tools of investigative journalism to be outdated. It is for this reason that, they deem modern media tools like first-person documentaries to be the most appropriate investigative methods. ... any researchers concede that it is preferable to integrate emerging concepts of media literacy into existing education curricula, instead of teaching the concepts within a detached context. However, many scholars appear to support the notion that these emergent media tools must gradually replace the traditional ones. For instance, many researchers consider traditional tools of investigative journalism to be outdated. It is for this reason that, they deem modern media tools like first-person documentaries to be the most appropriate investigative methods. This is because; the producers of such films play a crucial role in informing members of the public about occurrence of destructive societal vices like malevolence and corruption (Herrick 45-56). These forms of documentaries, also popularly referred to as personal documentaries are films produced by a person. This is unlike traditional documentaries, which are filmed, edited and produced by a studio. First-person documentaries narrate actual events as they occur and, therefore, report factual realities as opposed to highly altered content. Josh Fox and Michael Moore are two of the most prominent personal documentary makers, who have led this revolution in journalism. Some of these filmmakers’ documentaries have instigated debate in mainstream American society, prompting me to understand the role played by this genre of film to promote social change. The filmmakers are occasionally perceived to be advocates of societal development and betterment of the public. This is a role that television journalists have gradually deserted, as they focus of the most profitable stories. Therefore, these personal documentaries are increasingly becoming useful learning tools as technology advances, and as more people gain the ability

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

A Simple Surgery Checklist Saves Lives Case Study

A Simple Surgery Checklist Saves Lives - Case Study Example They do not initiate for vital steps in the regular process but attempts to identify failures of the process. Based on the four flow charts, the system has much duplication of activities or redundancies in time especially on the number of times the patient has to give his consent. The patient consent is required in more in six scenarios in the system, from the holding room, anesthesiologist to the surgeon. The timing is such that they occur at a period when it is not late to correct the problem. This helps to ensure and further improve the safety of the patient. WHO Surgical Safety Checklist recognizes three stages of an operation, in each stage, the operation coordinator must check the completion of the task before embarking on the next stage (Szalavitz, 2009). The patient has three separate interactions with the health providers in the following phase of the WHO surgical safety checklist: During the Sign In stage (before the administration of anesthesia), the patient is identified, location, informed consent, and the procedure of operation are confirmed. The location/site marking is established and the finishing point of the anesthesia safety measure is done (Cavoukian, 2009). A confirmation of whether a functional pulse rate meter is present in the patient is done. Several other issues of concerns are addressed such as allergies, aspiration risk, air path risks, loss of excess blood, and the availability of effective tools and equipment for operation purposes. The Time Out stage is performed before the incision of the skin. Everyone involved in the operation introduces themselves to real names and their functions in the operation. They then confirm the patient once again, the identity/name of the patient, location/site, and procedure and deliberates on expected critical situations. Antibiotic prophylaxis, scheduling, and presentation of imaging studies are also confirmed at this stage.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cover letter - Essay Example I am a graduating student at Pennsylvania University with a dual major in Applied Statistics (GPA 3.7/4.0) and Economics (GPA 3.5/4.0). My internship training was also from financing institution such as Deutsche Bank and Bank of Shanghai in their Asset/ Wealth Management Investment banking Departments respectively. My internship provided me an invaluable training in wealth management which includes providing financial analysis for potential investments. I worked with a DB senior trader who provided me an invaluable hands-on experience in managing over $80 Million institutional funds in foreign currency spot trade and swap trade. I also have background in dealing with customers with my stint at Bank of Shanghai and again given an opportunity to work with senior management to to initiate $11 Million potential leverage buyout of TengChong Manufacture LLC. This makes me an excellent fit of your need as a Financial Advisor whose functions is in the area of investment banking and customer relations of which I have both the necessary competence and training. I can definitely identify the best investment for a client given my training in investment. In addition, I can also share my knowledge about statistical modeling in investment banking having a solid background in econometrics. ... I will have a bachelor’s degree in Applied Statistics and Economics in class 2013 in Pennsylvania University and my GPA of 3.7/4.0 in Applied Statistics and GPA 3.5/4.0 in Economics surpasses your minimum GPA requirement of 3.2. My internship was also in investment banking at Deutsche Bank and Bank of Shanghai invaluable training in wealth management which includes providing financial analysis for potential investments. I worked with a DB senior trader who provided me an invaluable hands-on experience in managing over $80 Million institutional funds in foreign currency spot trade and swap trade. I also have background in dealing with customers with my stint at Bank of Shanghai and again given an opportunity to work with senior management to initiate $11 Million potential leverage buyout of TengChong Manufacture LLC. This makes me an excellent fit in Financial Advisory Services having the academic background and internship to do the job well. In addition, the skill required in business valuation is central to my course and thus competent to advise Federal clients on the complex issues surrounding critical financial and economic events and high-profile transactions. I will be very excited to explain in detail my various competencies that would me make an asset for Deloitte. Attached are my contact information whom you can call and email at your most convenient time. Sincerely , Your name Contact details Memo To: From: Date: 10/22/2012 Subject: Analysis of my cover letters This memo offers a review of the audience, job description and a rhetorical analysis of how adapted my cover letter and resume to meet the audience’s expectations. The two positions I’m applying for is Job at Bank of America

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Understandings And Responses To Paedophilia

Understandings And Responses To Paedophilia The concept of paedophilia started to formulate as an object of scientific study in the mid ninetieth century, as a part of the broader context of sexual deviations. It was first noticed as a phenomenon in the sex industry of the time that provided young children to satisfy certain appetites. Later on, child prostitution took place in post war big cities also as a means of livelihood. Mentions of this kind of prostitution were found even in literature by novelists such as Dostoevsky and Malaparte (Schinaia, 2010). However, paedophilia became a matter of great concern and study during the second half of the twentieth century. Until then it was considered to be a sporadic aberration as Freud put it (Angelides, 2005) while the paedophile didnt seem to pose a threat to society. During the last few decades paedophilia has emerged from the background. Now more than ever paedophiles are being marked and judged as sexual offenders and not as people with alternative sexual orientation. Certain cases, like the Sarah Payne case, received extensive media coverage resulting to augmented public attention and, at times, mass panic. Paedophilia has subsequently been classified in the publics mind to raise all the alarms as far as protecting the young children and the well being of the society goes. This attention has resulted in paedophilia receiving accordingly attention from the social studies that examine the aetiology, the ways it manifests and the possible treatments for those who exhibit such deviances (McCartan, 2010). The current paper is a critical review of the literature that deals with the issue of paedophilia. As a first step the definitions of paedophilia will be given, as they are formed under the spectrum of various sciences such as medicine and social studies. It is not strange that regarding the definition of paedophilia there is not the consensus among the scientists as one would though there would be. The ethical standards, what is and what is not a deviance or even when pubescence begins, are concepts that are undergoing changes simultaneously with society (Schinaia, 2010). Moreover, what is being considered as paedophilia in a western culture could be perceived as a way to facilitate the passage to adulthood depending on the culture (Harrison et al, 2010). At this point paedophilia will be compared to other aspects of sexual deviations and its relation to them. The next step is to examine how paedophilia and paedophiles are being comprehended by the public. This paper will provide, through the current literature, an overview of how the public, the press and the law have changed their understanding of the matter. Subsequent to the change in perception is the change in reaction and the emergence of pro action. New laws are being implemented and parental awareness seems to be at its peak. But are these steps being taken due the acknowledgement of real danger or because of mass panic deriving from extensive media coverage? As the weight has shifted from homosexuality to paedophilia (Angelides, 2005), is it right to assume that people look at the matter while its exploding out of proportion, or is it safe to say that finally they see thing as they really are? Reviewing the studies that have been published and the conclusions that theorists of the matter came to, will provide a better understanding of the issue at hand. The last part of this paper provides the assessment of the risk that paedophiles pose to society and whether they can be treated. Regardless of the existence, or rather the lack of it, of a unanimous definition of paedophilia, what is the right way to proceed with convicted paedophiles? The question of importance that is being addressed at this point is if a paedophile should be treated as a criminal or as a mentally unstable patient that can be treated and reintegrated to society. This particular subject is rather sensitive to address. It involves prepubescent children that have been traumatized by actions of sexual offenders. It also involves convicted offenders, people that modern western society abhors. In order to approach this one should proceed with caution. A primary research on the matter would need participants from both categories. The questions that are raised on the subject of paedophilia are extensive and, if they are to be researched properly, only an in depth experiment would suffice. Moreover, a solid theoretical background, which as will be discussed later in this paper is still being constructed, that can provide the needed boost to the right direction would be required. Instead, a secondary based research can provide the desired overview of the subject, simultaneously giving the essential information on the topic and helping the reader to form an educated opinion. However, the practical aspects and difficulties of the endeavor are of lesser importance. That which carries the most weight is that with a desk based research the danger of re victimizing young children is nonexistent. It is the safest way to approach the matter, doing so by reviewing the literature. Chapter 1 Defining paedophilia Sexual behavior Sex, in a strict definition, is the means of procreation for humans. However, sex can happen for a great many deal of reasons (Rye; Meaney, 2007), mainly pleasure. From this perspective it can be defined as the stimulation of the genitals resulting in a pleasurable reflex that is orgasm (Rye; Meaney, 2007). Although, peoples definitions regarding sex vary, there is a consistency between what they perceive as sex and their sexual attitudes (Peterson Muehlenhard, 2007). A persons sexuality is the way one perceives of oneself as a sexual being (Bay-Cheng, 2003) and pursues sexual pleasure. Normal sexual behavior includes bringing pleasure to oneself and his or hers partner. The procedure involves the stimulation of the genitals and usually includes intercourse (Rye Meaney, 2007). Sexual Dysfunctions Sexual dysfunctions are a series of problematic symptoms to the normal sexual function of a person. These kinds of symptoms can vary from erectile dysfunction or premature or delayed ejaculation for men, vaginal dryness, and pain during sex dyspareunia- or difficulty coming to an orgasm anorgasmia- for women. The causes of sexual dysfunction are as multiple as the symptoms. The psychological state of a person such as depression, intense stress or other psychological factors can easily result in sexual problems in performance. Drug abuse is another factor that can contribute dramatically to the dysfunction of a person on the particular subject. Overall condition of a persons health is another aspect of the cause of sexual dysfunction. Diseases such as diabetes or hormonal imbalances can deteriorate dramatically someones sexual desire or impair his or hers capability. Even when all the above reasons are absent, age alone can lead to sexual dysfunctions. Mental disorders and paraphilias Defining sexual disorders can be a hazy situation. The American Psychiatric Association defines mental disorder as: a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one of more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. Whatever its original causes, it must currently be considered a manifestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. Neither deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a sympto m of a dysfunction in the individual, as described above (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2000, p.xxxi). All forms of paraphilias are considered to be mental disorders. Paraphilia is the recurrent sexual behavior, urges or fantasies that involve non human objects, non consenting adults or children and suffering or humiliation (Laws ODonohue, 2008). Paraphilias tend to be considered as such when they are recurrent for a period longer than six months and they are a reason for difficulties in everyday functioning. Paraphilia includes apart from paedophilia, voyeurism, exhibitionism, fetishism, transvestic fetishism, frotteurism, masochism, sadism (Pursell Arrigo, 2006) and necrophilia (Laws ODonohue, 2008). Paedophilia Clinical definition The etymology of the word paedophilia leads to the Greek words pais (à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡), which means child and philia (à Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±) which means friendly love (Riegel, 2005). However, the current meaning of the word as is perceived far exceeds any kind of friendly love. The current definition of paedophilia is, as it is in DSM-IV, under the broader context of paraphilias. The understanding is that paedophilia is a form of mental disorder and as such is treated. Given the definition of DSM-IV the offender has to have sexual urges or fantasies that has either acted upon or cause him distress for a period over six months. The offender has to be at least 16 years of age or at least 5 years older than the child and the child is up to 13 years old (DSM-IV, p. 571). Points of this definition cause more debate than give grounds for further theorizing. It is not clearly stated what is meant by acted upon or what is actually meant by child gi ven that childhood can differ from society to society (Harrison et al, 2010). Such vague concepts lead to a new definition of paedophilia to the new DSM-V that is expected in May 2013. The leading opinion is that the change in the paedophilic definition will be substantial, as it is expected to be named Peadophebephilic disorder, which refers to both sexual attraction of pubescent children (hebephilic) and prepubescent children (paedophilic) (Harrison et al, 2010). Legal definition of paedophilia The legal definition of paedophilia is another entirely problematic aspect of the matter. Beginning with the appropriate definition of age for a child to the age of criminal responsibility or the age of consent for sexual activity, there are variations. Different countries with different cultures define as child someone at very different ages, from 14 in Uzbekistan to 21 in Argentina (Harrison, 2010). Moreover, within the law itself in the United Kingdom, there are discrepancies about the age that someone is consider to be a child. Different acts and schemes have different age limits, so there is confusion on the matter (McCartan, 2008). Another implication is in regards to what is considered to be a criminal act. In the UK as sex offences are considered apart from having sexual relations to a child, also grooming, making a child watch pornography or sexual intercourse of others or forcing a child to have sexual intercourse with someone (Sex Offenders Act 2003). The UK law concerning paedophilia states that as paedophilia is assumed any sexual relationship between someone over 18 years and someone else under 16 years of age. In the event of the younger participant is less than 13 years old and as such cannot give consent, the sexual relationship is considered to be statutory rape (McCartan, 2008). Paedophilia in modern society Paedophilia has become an issue in the UK during the last decade. High profile cases have come to be widely known, and in many cases, the public outcry has caused the government to take action (McCartan, 2008). Not only the media, but also researchers and other professionals have been immensely consumed with the topic. Paedophilia up to some decades ago was not a distinct case of paraphilia. It was referred to as sodomy, without any differentiation at the age. The growth in paedophilia references over the past few years in Western society was enormous. It has become an issue of public discourse emerging from non existence (Goode, 2011). The public has formed opinions as the governments have implemented laws. However, its a highly emotive issue and at this stage is based more on opinions than facts. The media coverage explosion (McCartan, 2008) has led to that direction misguiding the public not as to the severity of the issue but as to its real dimensions and proportions. If anything else, the times are characterized of an overflow in information to and from all directions. Other types of sexual abuse Hebephilia Hebephilia is defined to be the sexual attraction and sexual relations to someone pubescent (Green, 2005). Pubescent or early pubescent can be characterized someone at the ages of 11 to 14 years (Blanchard, 2010). The use of the term is very rare and diagnostic tools such as the DSM-IV or the International Classification of Diseases do not mention it (Franklin, 2010). Hebephelia, when concerning heterosexual men and young girls can be attributed to the primary instinct for better chances in breeding (Franklin, 2010). Research however, has stated (Blanchard, 2010) that this does not actually increase fertility. Actually, hebephelia is not considered to be normal sexual behavior but, at the same time, does not fall into the category of sexual deviations due to mental disorders (Frances First, 2011). Incest Incest is called the sexual relation between two members of the same family, who by law cannot get married. There is much debate on whether there are or not neurocognitive functions of the human brain that avoid incest (Liberman et al, 2003). Moreover, the theory that human can identify their own kin has been put to the test more than once. Incest is considered to be even more damaging to a child than sexual molestation. As it is provoked by a family member, the child loses its most fundamental basis (Becker et al, 1986) of the support system anyone has. The actual numbers of incest are unknown, even more than in other cases, because of the nature of the offence. Chapter 2 Public Perceptions of Paedophilia Formation of public attitudes towards paedophilia The public perceives the society as being of great risk for the children (Cavanagh, 2007). The reasons of this belief are multiple. The constant change in human society due to technological advances results in changes that cannot be measured and, most importantly, cannot be determined in a strict cause effect manner (McCartan, 2008). Paedophilia is one of these issues that have been imprinted into the publics mind as deriving from the modernization of life. The main concern of the public is the defense of the weak, such as the children, and the moral structure of family and society. Although the issue is not entirely unknown to the public, the last two decades it has resulted in the formation of strong, however emotive, attitudes. Based more on stories than facts (Marsh Melville, 2011), media fuelled discourses keep shaping the publics beliefs. High profile cases add each time a new piece of information that contains revelations about paedophilia. There is a lack of evidence based information reaching the public as academics, health professionals and policy makers are not in agreement. Theorists do not contribute as they should in forming the publics opinion regarding paedophilia. Media impact on the formation of public attitudes The publics reaction to paedophilia is reaching from one end, complete indifference, passes through the notion that if we ignore it it will vanish (Cloud, 2002), to the other end, vigilante attacks to known paedophiles (Allison, 2000). This is not independent from media coverage. There are shows on TV that demonstrate relationships that could be characterized as hebephilic, yet they do not bring about public outcry. That is because, as no one is getting hurt not obviously at least, it all seems plausible and logical (Cloud, 2002). Of course, this is not the case for the majority of the media. Their headlines full of imminent threats feed on pre existing anxieties (Cavanagh, 2007) of the public. On a sensitive subject, such as paedophilia, the media works as the publics basic information giver. Since, there are very few academic or other sources on paedophilia, the public relies heavily on the media to know and understand what is happening (Marsh Melville, 2011). The media coverage of cases like Sarah Paynes in the UK or Megan Kankas in the US was unprecedented. The public had the media as sole informative on the situations. The headlines in the newspapers grew stronger and angrier, leading the concerned citizens to similar reactions (Marsh Melville, 2011). Official acts and media coverage have been intertwined, both to satisfy the needs of the public (Cavanagh, 2007). The media, via public pressure, have also forced the government to take action. Following each high profile paedophile case there is a new law (McAlinden, 2010). This is not, of course, the result of a well constructed scheme in order to really deal with the issue, than it is more of a responsive action due to pressure. Validity of media representations However strongly presented the media information regarding paedophilia is not based on facts. They are more of an interpretation of a situation, presenting each time the new enemy paedophile (Marsh Melville, 2011). The explosion on reports of sexual offences leads to the assumption that there is a sudden increase in sex crime, leaving those who are vulnerable defenseless (McAlinden, 2006). Since the stories in the media are not actual scientific studies, facts and assumptions get confused. One of the grave misconceptions that derive from the media is that all paedophiles act on their urges. A diagnosis from a psychiatrist of paedophilic tendencies doesnt always ensure that they will be acted upon (Cloud, 2002). On the other hand, it is not necessary for someone to be a diagnosed paedophile to sexually abuse a child. Internet pornographic rings have often proved to function as means of exploitation. The ambiguity of the definitions of paedophilia has its fair share of the misinterpreted data by the media. The academics tend to confine the subject within by limited research and continuous alterations. The risk assessment, also, is based on rather speculative assumptions than on scientific and objective methods (McAlinden, 2010). Characteristics of paedophiles according to the public The paedophile is considered to be an obscure figure, stranger to the child and the family, waiting for the opportunity to arise. The children are constantly being reminded of never talking to strangers, receiving gifts, getting in their cars or even walking with them. However, this stranger danger is an exaggeration when paedophilia is concerned. Statistics show that the vast majority of sex offenders in general and paedophiles in particular are from within the family or the close environment of the child. Almost half of the child sexual abusers are the parents and almost 20% other relatives (Cloud, 2002). The public in reality does not have much information on paedophiles to form an educated opinion. The research on the issue is limited and restricted to the academic circles. The inconsistency between academic, clinical and legal viewpoints (McCartan, 2008) of paedophilia leave the public open to suggestions, usually by the media. The internet is not free of blame for paedophilia cases. With the increased use of the World Wide Web by continuously younger people, new cases of children being victimized come to light. The public perceives the internet sex offender as someone who is lurking in the shadows to fool the youngest (Marsh Melville, 2011). The whole of Internet is being blamed, service providers and websites, for harboring such offenders. The subject of responsibilities of the vast children pornography that can be found on line has yet to be addressed by the proper authorities (Cavanagh, 2007). Moral panic and paedophiles A usual reaction of the public to people or situations it believes to be threatening is moral panic. Its a term widely used since the late 1970s, though it had been first used in the late 1800s, to describe the exaggerated reaction of the public or the authorities, such as the government, aiming to control that which poses a danger to everyday life, safety or values (Marsh Melville, 2011). Its a coping mechanism to situations that seem to be unreasonable and with no solution (McCartan, 2008). Not to be overlooked is the participation of the newspaper News of the World and its affiliates, like the Sun, to the moral panic of paedophilia (Marsh Melville, 2011). Following the Sarah Paynes murder case News of the World began a campaign against all known or suspected paedophiles. The newspaper, using the Sex Offender Act of 1997, published about 200 names, locations and photographs of convicted sex offenders. This resulted to a frenzy reaction by the public as well as disappearances and suicides of certain offenders. Instigating moral panic is the result of groups aiming to do the exact opposite. Physical or internet organizations have been created with the intention of informing and protecting the public. However, this has resulted in an abundance of watchers that are the new spokespeople for the fight against paedophilia (Marsh Melville, 2011). Moreover, these moral entrepreneurs (Marsh Melville, 2011) promote the solution that each one favors, with the outcome of leaving the public at a loss and without the ability to divert its thoughts. Other explanations for moral panic that they are either orchestrated by those who have interest in diverting the publics attention from something else or they are a result of pre existing anxieties of the public (McCartan, 2008). So, according to these theories the moral panic of paedophilia is a constructed situation, sustained by the media and government, based on the publics fears for the childrens safety. Change in public perceptions It is a difficult task to put the publics mind at ease regarding paedophilia. The moral panic is at each peak so far and the majority of the people are already set on a path of punitive response to the problem. However, the measurement of trust to the justice system bares disappointing results. In the UK, and other countries as well, the confidence in the system keeps declining. This can happen for a variety of reasons (Van de Walle, 2010). The leading concerns of the UK citizens are the slow movement of the system and its inefficiency, leniency even, towards paedophiles (McAlinden, 2010). Also, the pre emptive approach of the government is not actually offering much to this direction (Kemshall Weaver, 2012). The public waits for a feeling of security that is not inspired by the schemes, as is proven by the low participation (Lipscombe, 2012). The change in public perceptions on the issue of paedophilia is currently for the most part controlled by the media. However, research shows that what is being interpreted by the government as need for full disclosure is actually mistaken (Kemshall Weaver, 2012). There is a discrepancy of what is being presented as true and what the public really wants. This marks a shift of the publics disposition to a more organized effort than disclosure can offer. Chapter 3 Understanding paedophilia in a broader Social and Political context Policy makers During the last two decades a large number of cases concerning paedophilia have come to light in England and Wales. The publicity they received was unprecedented and caused strong public reactions. Public awareness over paedophilia has resulted in taking steps in the direction of assessing and treating individuals who have or are at risk of sexually abusing children. However, as the public is pushing towards a punitive response, the officials are trapped taking actions of risk reduction often not combined with treatment and reintegration of the offenders (McCartan, 2012). These past two decades were marked by the overwhelming emergence of new laws that move to the direction of preventing crime by posing an abundance of sanctions (McAlinden, 2010). Instead of risk assessing government uses implementing of new legislation as a pre emptive means of averting sex offenders acts. This sudden growth of new policies, deriving from the emotive nature of the issue of paedophilia, has resulted in an uncertain, or even unsafe, legislation environment (McAlinden, 2010). However, there are those who advocate for such a system since there actually is a decrease, almost one third from 1992 to 1998 in the US (Cloud, 2002), that can be attributed to the increase in conviction of sex offenders. The question is that if indeed the official policy making is driven by the media and their extensive coverage of the paedophilia stories (Kemsall Weaver, 2012). Its a vicious circle that the more public and media are abhorred by paedophiles cases becoming public the more the Home Office reacts by implementing schemes that alter again the publics standpoint by giving new possible actions. The most known example of such a co dependent relation is the name and shame campaign that was an initiative from the newspaper News of the World, following the Sara Payne murder. Academic society In the academic circles there is no real consensus on the subject of paedophilia. The usual response of them is to be dismissive of the subject and treat paedophilia as a subject of little consequence (Smith, 2010). Much like the public their views are either formulated like the publics, considering at the back of their heads paedophiles as monsters but distant from them, or they are of a mild disposition to the subject, sometimes to the point of approval (Smith, 2010). The academics viewpoint is diametrically opposed to the one of those who work with children that suffered sexual abuse. There are those who make the distinction between the harmful and the innocent aspect of paedophilia. Theorists have tried to define when and if contact with a child is actually harmful. Moreover, they support that most paedophiles are actually gentle and well mannered, and not the monsters the public fears. There is in fact a disagreement on whether paedophilia is a mental disorder, like other paraphilias, or in fact is a sexual orientation, that has not been accepted yet (Smith, 2010). The B4U AC is a combined effort between people who are attracted to minors and professionals who support their claim for legalizing such relationships (B4U-ACT.org). Health professionals Paedophilia falls under the category of mental disorders according to the DSM definition and as such is of great concern to health professionals. The framework now applied gives them the opportunity to work in combination with the authorities to prevent recidivism (Perkins et al, 1998) as well as support for the children who are victimized. The contribution of Child Protection Advisors (CPA) from NHS Highland to the matter at hand is enormous. They monitor the majority of case discussions and provide a valuable contribution to the process of risk assessment and management (MAPPA, 2009/2010). Shared information across all MAPPA agencies improves the care of the patients, since the paedophiles are being seen as such, as a wide variety of tools is being given to them. The majority of sex offenders do not actually have a mental illness. However, they do present a variety of personality disorders that may result in paraphilias. The establishment of multi agency practices can lead to better assessment and treatment than small clusters of professionals can provide (Gordon Grubin, 2004). Moreover, most practitioners feel strongly that the government is addressing the subject from a punitive point. They believe that the government, istead of exploring ways to treat and re integrate paedophiles into the society, has the sole concern of reducing recidivism by means of punishment. The law Law making regarding paedophilia is a task with many obstacles and considerations. Since paedophilia is considered to be a mental disorder, if an act is actually criminal or not depends on the age of the perpetrator (Harrison et al, 2010). In England and Wales the age at which someone can be seen as criminally responsible is 10 years old. The definition of paedophilia considers the paedophile as an adult, who is at least 18 years old. Of course, the conundrum is apparent. Someone under 10 can be engaged in activities that can be characterized as child sexual abuse but will not face punishment and on the other hand, someone can be over 10 but his actions do not fall into the DSM definitions of paedophilia. The path in legislating for sex offenders and risk management was set by the Sex Offenders Act 1997 and the Crime Sentences Act 1997. These marked a shift towards a more strict management of the offenders as well as a way for the public to protect itself through information (McCartan, 2008). The act that works as a blanket for all issues of sexual offences, not only paedophilia while the term is actually not used- but also rape, or sexual assault is the Sexual Offences Act (SOA) 2003. It is an improvement on the Sexual Offences Act 1956 (Home Office, 2002). The Act concerns anyone who Is convicted of an offense listed in Schedule 3, Is found not to be guilty of such an offence because of insanity, Is found to have a disability and to have done the act charged against him in respect of such an offence; or In England and Wales or Northern Ireland, he is cautioned in respect of such an offence. (SOA 2003, part 2) Anyone who falls into the previous categories needs to notify the police once every year about his full name and date of birth, his current address and national insurance number, and about any travel outside the UK for a period of 3 days or more. Other details such as if the offender is living in a house with a minor or details about his bank accounts would prove to be helpful to the police in managing successfully the offenders. The offender needs also to notify the police whenever there are changes in the previously mentioned data (SOA 2003, part 2). At the moment the offenders notify the police locally. There is currently a development in a national database that will include the information of all registered sex offenders all over the UK (Home Office, 2002). In addition to the existing legislation there is the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000. The aim of the Act is to help the protection of the public, ensure the reduction of re offending, see to the proper punishment of the offenders and also, help their rehabilitation. The Act has set the basis of inter agency collaboration in regards of effectively managing the risk a known sex offender poses to the community (Home Office, 2002). Policies regarding paedophilia The publics desire, and the subsequent government action (McCartan, 2010), for better monitoring and control of sex offenders have led to a number of implemented policies. The UK government published in June 2007 the Review of the Protection of Children from Sex Offenders. The Disclosure Scheme aimed in providing a new means of information about potential risks involving certain individuals. The Disclosure Scheme began a process where anyone with interest in a ch

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

What is a Vision :: Business, Constructing a Vision Statement

Introduction A vision is a statement that paints an idealized picture of what an organization wants to become. Jick (2002) offers a similar definition. He calls it, â€Å"an attempt to articulate what a desired future for a company would look like† (p. 142). Although many definitions for vision are similar, the effects visions have on organizations vary. For some the vision is an agent of change, for others it is a source of confusion. The difference lies in certain elements of the vision, and how the leader implements the vision throughout the organization. This paper will look at what makes an effective vision and how it impacts an organization; it will highlight the significance of employee identification, and how a leader can develop and institute a vision in an effective manner. It also takes a look at the current vision of an organization, and offers some recommendations to increase that vision’s effectiveness. An Effective Vision Constructing a vision statement is not as simple as scribbling down the first thing that comes to mind. A leader take must include certain elements in the vision to ensure it is effective and contributes to the success of the organization. A few of those elements include long-term, inspiring, and aligned with the values and culture of the organization. A vision should look beyond the day-to-day operations of the organization and focus on the future. By developing a long-term vision, a leader moves the focus of employees from the daily tasks to the future goal. Deetz, Tracy & Simpson (2000) write, â€Å"When an organization has a clear sense of purpose and knows where it wants to go, that gives meaning to what happens day in and day out† (p. 53). A long-term vision impacts the organization by highlighting the contrast between where the organization is and where it needs to go. Jick (2002) argues, â€Å"This creates a structural tension between today and tomorrow that seeks a resolution" (p. 144). The organization then succeeds as motivated employees work towards their objectives in order to calm the tension, lessen the gap, and turn the vision into reality. For a vision to be truly effective, it has to inspire employees to take action. This means it has to reflect a greater purpose that stirs up passion in employees. As an example, Nike’s vision is â€Å"to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world† (Nike, 2011). The vision reflects a greater purpose to impact the lives of athletes everywhere, and paints a picture for employees of why their work is important. What is a Vision :: Business, Constructing a Vision Statement Introduction A vision is a statement that paints an idealized picture of what an organization wants to become. Jick (2002) offers a similar definition. He calls it, â€Å"an attempt to articulate what a desired future for a company would look like† (p. 142). Although many definitions for vision are similar, the effects visions have on organizations vary. For some the vision is an agent of change, for others it is a source of confusion. The difference lies in certain elements of the vision, and how the leader implements the vision throughout the organization. This paper will look at what makes an effective vision and how it impacts an organization; it will highlight the significance of employee identification, and how a leader can develop and institute a vision in an effective manner. It also takes a look at the current vision of an organization, and offers some recommendations to increase that vision’s effectiveness. An Effective Vision Constructing a vision statement is not as simple as scribbling down the first thing that comes to mind. A leader take must include certain elements in the vision to ensure it is effective and contributes to the success of the organization. A few of those elements include long-term, inspiring, and aligned with the values and culture of the organization. A vision should look beyond the day-to-day operations of the organization and focus on the future. By developing a long-term vision, a leader moves the focus of employees from the daily tasks to the future goal. Deetz, Tracy & Simpson (2000) write, â€Å"When an organization has a clear sense of purpose and knows where it wants to go, that gives meaning to what happens day in and day out† (p. 53). A long-term vision impacts the organization by highlighting the contrast between where the organization is and where it needs to go. Jick (2002) argues, â€Å"This creates a structural tension between today and tomorrow that seeks a resolution" (p. 144). The organization then succeeds as motivated employees work towards their objectives in order to calm the tension, lessen the gap, and turn the vision into reality. For a vision to be truly effective, it has to inspire employees to take action. This means it has to reflect a greater purpose that stirs up passion in employees. As an example, Nike’s vision is â€Å"to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world† (Nike, 2011). The vision reflects a greater purpose to impact the lives of athletes everywhere, and paints a picture for employees of why their work is important.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Week 1 Knowledge Check

Knowledge Check Week 1The material presented below is not meant to be a comprehensive list of all you need to know in the content area. Rather it is a starting point for building your knowledge and skills. Additional study materials are recommended in each area below to help you master the material. Personalized Study Guide Results: Score: 12 / 12 Concepts Mastery Questions Pricing Decisions 100% Market Systems 100% Market Equilibrium 100% Concept: Pricing Decisions Mastery 100% Questions 1 . Revenue increases when †¢ A. roducer surplus increases Correct : Producer surplus is the difference between the minimum price the producer is willing to receive and what they actually receive. The surplus is their profit, and the larger the surplus, the greater their profit on the good. When it decreases, the producer receives a price closer to the minimum acceptable. The consumer surplus measures what the consumer is willing to pay and that price’s difference from the market price. The closer to the market price, the higher the consumer surplus, as consumers are spending ess than they are willing to, and the less spent, the lower the revenue will be for the good. Materials †¢ Producer Surplus 2 . An increase in the price of an inelastic goods †¢ C. increases revenues Correct : Inelastic goods are necessities that consumers continue to purchase even when the price increases. This increases the revenue, as more is paid for each good. The percentage change in price increases faster than the change in quantity, which may remain constant. When more is paid for a good or a service, revenue increases. Materials †¢ Price Elasticity and the Total-Revenue Curve Inelastic Demand 3 . Price elasticity of Demand increases whe †¢ C. people become more price sensitive over time Correct : Price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Price elasticity is either inelastic or elastic. As the price elasticity of demand coefficient rises, price elasticity becomes more elastic. A low price elasticity coefficient relates to an item that has very few substitutes, which causes people to be less sensitive to a change in price, such as in gasoline or medicine (inelastic demand, Ed

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Submitting Quality Business School Admissions Essays

Submitting Quality Business School Admissions Essays As with any other kind of statement of purpose for college admission, business school admissions essays need to be creative. If you are thinking about applying to business school, you are in for some stiff competition. That is why it is so important to work extremely diligently to compose an exemplary and distinctive business school admissions essay. In order to succeed in business, one must possess an entrepreneurial spirit. Similarly, in order to be accepted into business school, one must submit an ingenious admissions essay. If you are thinking about applying to business school, you had better be prepared to compose one heck of an admissions essay. Given that more than 200,000 MBA hopefuls apply to business school each year, you must find away to distinguish yourself. In my opinion, the best way to make your business school admissions essay stand out is to include an original business plan. With hundred of thousands of banal responses to questions such as: Why do you want an MBA? and What matters to you most and why? staring up at them from the pile of essays, admissions council members would love nothing more than to find a truly inspired admissions essay. With a failsafe business plan and written presentation illustrating your passion and knack for the world of business, your application submission will render exemplary responses from business schools nationwide. If you would like further ideas for writing business school admissions essays, then I encourage you to seek the assistance of a professional admissions essay editor. Professional admissions essay editors are well versed in the business school admissions process, and can offer excellent advice. In the meanwhile, if you have questions about college admissions essays and/or MBA essays, please dont hesitate to contact me.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Free Essays on What Is Political Science

political science The study of government, political processes, institutions, and behavior. Government and politics have been studied and commented on since the time of the ancient Greeks. However, it is only with the general systematization of the social sciences in the last 100 years that political science has emerged as a separate definable area of study. Political science is commonly divided into a number of subfields, the most prominent being political theory, national government, comparative government, international relations, and special areas shared with other social sciences such as sociology, psychology, and economics. In practice, these subfields overlap. Political theory encompasses the following related areas: the study of the history of political thought; the examination of questions of justice and morality in the context of the relationships between individuals, society, and government; and the formulation of conceptual approaches and models in order to understand more fully political and governmental processes. The study of national government focuses on the political system of the researcher's particular country, including the legal and constitutional arrangements and institutions; the interaction of various levels of government, other social and political groups, and the individual; and proposals for improving governmental structure and policy. Comparative government covers many of the same subjects but from the perspective of parallel political behavior in several countries, regions, or time periods. International relations deals both with the more traditional areas of study, such as international law, diplomacy, political economy, international organizations, and other forms of contact between nation states, and with the development of general, scientific models of international political systems. None of the political science subfields can be clearly separated. All of them, for example, deal with questions clos... Free Essays on What Is Political Science Free Essays on What Is Political Science political science The study of government, political processes, institutions, and behavior. Government and politics have been studied and commented on since the time of the ancient Greeks. However, it is only with the general systematization of the social sciences in the last 100 years that political science has emerged as a separate definable area of study. Political science is commonly divided into a number of subfields, the most prominent being political theory, national government, comparative government, international relations, and special areas shared with other social sciences such as sociology, psychology, and economics. In practice, these subfields overlap. Political theory encompasses the following related areas: the study of the history of political thought; the examination of questions of justice and morality in the context of the relationships between individuals, society, and government; and the formulation of conceptual approaches and models in order to understand more fully political and governmental processes. The study of national government focuses on the political system of the researcher's particular country, including the legal and constitutional arrangements and institutions; the interaction of various levels of government, other social and political groups, and the individual; and proposals for improving governmental structure and policy. Comparative government covers many of the same subjects but from the perspective of parallel political behavior in several countries, regions, or time periods. International relations deals both with the more traditional areas of study, such as international law, diplomacy, political economy, international organizations, and other forms of contact between nation states, and with the development of general, scientific models of international political systems. None of the political science subfields can be clearly separated. All of them, for example, deal with questions clos...

Monday, November 4, 2019

First Term Paper - Why I know I am not in the Matrix

First - Why I know I am not in the Matrix - Term Paper Example As a means of integrating with the plot and philosophical subthemes of The Matrix, this particular analysis will seek to engage the reader with a well balanced understanding for why it is obvious that the life that each and every individual experiences is not a type of virtual or coded reality. In order to integrate with the question of what is â€Å"real† and what is â€Å"a subjective viewpoint†, it is necessary to discuss the way in which the theme of The Matrix can adequately be defined with respect to the way in which Descartes discussed reality and what made humans certain of anything. Descartes viewed the subjectivity of the human experience, the question of reality, and the fact that no understanding or knowledge – even any expectation – could be made with regards to the existence of something beyond our own world. However, rather than letting this be a determination for the fact that all reality is subjective and could possibly be a clever illusio n on the part of a twisted higher power, Descartes determined that the best approach to this question of reality was the famous quote, â€Å"I think therefore I am†. ... In other words, if in fact some type of computer simulation of reality helped to define the world and laid a framework for the way in which humans thought and interacted with one another, it is only logical to assume that this very same construct would not allow for independent thought with regards to considering the truth of reality. Thus, utilizing this train of logic, the individual can firmly come to an understanding that if in fact a computer simulation, far and above beyond the capabilities of humans to infer, understand, or replicate, was indeed somehow invisibly in charge of the dynamics of our own reality, any such doubt and/or consideration for such a fact would be highly discourage and ruled insane (Johnsen 227). However, as has been noted in the past several decades, consideration for such a topic has not been distanced to the outer realms of possibility and in fact has even been represented to the individual participant within society in the form of movies, artwork, grap hic novels, and discussions within the philosophical community. Another reason why the individual should not integrate with the belief that the â€Å"brain is in a vat† or that all reality is merely a construct that is carefully designed is the fact that such an approach is inherently non-falsifiable (Smoyak 9). Naturally, even a cursory level of understanding with regards to the scientific method or philosophical understanding should lead the individual to understand that a non-falsifiable theory is in and of itself unacceptable. The ultimate reason for this is that each and every theory must be able to stand upon its merit and not based upon a caveat of inherent truth. In such a way, the belief that all

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Expedia Internet Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Expedia Internet Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Chairman Barry Diller controls about 60% of the company." This paper serves as a complete marketing plan for the Internet traveling company Expedia. The information contained in this report is designed to help an individual gain a thorough understanding of the company's current standing and situation, as well as to gain a good idea of their opportunities and threats for the future. In addition, internal components to the company are discussed. The purpose of this paper is to include and/or explain a variety of components related to Expedia. It includes an executive summary, the company's overall business objectives, the company's specific marketing objectives, Expedia's business situation and SWOT Analysis, the internal situation at the company, the company's performance analysis, data on programs of a similar nature if available, resource availability and allocation, the company's external situation, the market(s) the company operates in, the company's competitors, the technological infrastructure of the company, the value chain associated with the company, a summary of strengths/weaknesses/opportunities/threats, marketing problems and opportunities, identification of target market(s)/market segments, marketing action plans, products and/or services offered by the company, price, integrated marketing communications-online and offline, customer acquisition and retention plans as appropriate based on objectives, distributi on and fulfillment, quality and customer service, technological infrastructure and data requirements, testing plans if appropriate, the plan for testing critical marketing or program variables, the plan for usability testing of their website, evaluation techniques, their budget, and an implementation timetable. Overall Business Objectives Expedia.com lists their business objectives as follows: Expedia delivers consumers everything they need for researching, planning, and purchasing a whole trip. The company provides direct access to one of the broadest selections of travel products and services through its North American Web site, localized versions throughout Europe, and extensive partnerships in Asia. Serving many different consumer segments - from families booking a summer vacation to individuals arranging a quick weekend getaway, Expedia provides travelers with the ability to research, plan, and book their comprehensive travel needs. Expedia-branded Web sites feature airline tickets, hotel reservations, car rental, cruises, and many other in-destination services from a broad selection of partners. (Expedia.com, 2008, pg. 1) Specific Marketing Objectives Expedia sets their marketing objectives under a strategy formulation in their annual report. They claim, "Our objective is to create long term shareholder value by creating a business that delivers significant value to customers and to suppliers with each travel purchase, and has sustainable sources of competitive differentiation" (EDGAR Online, 2008, pg. 1). Their strategy involves several key elements (EDGAR Online, 2008). The first key element that they include in their formal marketing strategy is to make their customer base larger. They plan to do this by continuing to increase awareness of their company and what it has to offer. "We believe that this increased awareness will cause increased numbers of consumers to visit our websites. Our current